cursor

Senin, 18 April 2016

Makalah Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes


CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1              Background
              Language consists of two aspects namely form and meaning. In relation to meaning, the smallest meaningful unit in language is morpheme. Morpheme is defined as the smallest meaningful unit of a language. Words are made up of morphemes. The word teachers, for example, consists of three meaningful units or morphemes, teach, –er, and –s. The morpheme teach forming the word teachers has the lexical meaning; the morpheme –er means the doer of teaching; the morpheme –s has plural meaning. We can identify the meaning of the morpheme teach although it stands alone but we cannot identify the meaning of morphemes –er and –s in isolation. We can identify the meaning of the morpheme –er and –s after they combine to the morpheme teach. 

 
              The morphemes which can meaningfully stand alone are called free morphemes while the morphemes such as –er and –s, which cannot meaningfully stand alone are called bound morphemes. Bound morphemes must be attached to free morphemes. Bound morphemes are also called affixes which can be classified into prefix, infix, and suffix. English only has two kinds of bound morphemes namely prefixes and suffixes. There are not infixes in English. Bound morphemes are classified into two namely derivational and inflectional morphemes. This paper will discuss about derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.
1.2              Problem Formulation
1.      What is derivational morpheme?
2.      What are the types of derivational morphemes?
3.      What is inflectional morpheme?
4.      What are the types of inflectional morphemes?
5.      What are the differences between derivational and inflectional morphemes?
1.3              Objective Problem
1.      To know what derivational morphemes is.
2.      To know the types of derivational morphemes.
3.      To know what inflectional morphemes is.
4.      To know the types of inflectional morphemes.
5.      To know the differences between derivational and inflectional morphemes.
CHAPTER II
CONTENT
2.1       Derivational Morpheme
                   A derivational morpheme is the morpheme which produces a new lexeme from a base. Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes which derive (create) new words by either changing the meaning or the part of speech or both. In the word happiness, the bound morpheme –ness creates a new word by changing both the meaning and the part of speech. Happy is an adjective but the derived word happiness is a noun. Some derivational morphemes create new meaning but do not change the syntactic category or part of speech. The word unhappy, for example, consists of the base happy and the derivational morpheme (prefix) un-. Happy is an adjective and the derived word unhappy is also an adjective.
                   In English, derivational morphemes can be prefixes or suffixes. All prefixes in English are derivational. All prefixes in English modify the meaning although they do not modify the syntactic category. For examples, the derivational prefix in- in inefficient, un- in undo, re- in rewrite, dis- in dislike and a- in amoral modify the positive meaning to the negative meaning but do not change the syntactic category of the derived words; efficient is an adjective and the derived word inefficient is also an adjective; do is a verb and the derived word undo is also a verb; write is a verb and the derived word rewrite is also a verb; moral is an adjective and the derived word amoral is also an adjective. All the derivational prefixes explained above have the meaning ‘not’. Most derivational suffixes change both the syntactic category and the meaning. Only a few of them do not change the syntactic category. The derivational suffixes which change the syntactic category can be noun-forming suffixes, verb-forming suffixes, adjective-forming suffixes, and adverb-forming suffixes.
2.2       Types of Derivational Morphemes
                   The rule of thumb to identify that the bound morphemes are derivational is the occurrence of new meaning creation or new word creation of the derived words. In dictionaries the derivation word is generally listed as a separate word from its base. The new meaning or the new word which occurs in the derivation process can be accompanied by the change of part of speech or not. In other words some derivational morphemes, as described above, change the part of speech and some of them do not change the part of speech. In English, derivational morphemes can be both the prefixes and suffixes.
                   Based on the fact described above, the types of English derivational morphemes can be classified into two, derivational prefixes and derivational suffixes
a.       Derivational Prefixes
1.      Prefix un-
       There are two kinds of the prefix un- in English. The first is attached to adjectives to form new adjectives, and the second is attached to verbs to form new verbs. The two kinds of the prefix un- do not change the part of speech. The prefix un- attached to adjectives means ‘not’. Fromkin (1990: 130) calls this derivation antonym or negative. Look at the following examples of prefix un- attached to adjectives.
Prefix              Base                            Derived word             Meaning
                                                (Adjective)                  (Adjective)
                        un-                   able                             unable                         ‘not able’
                        un-                   afraid                          unafraid                       ‘not afraid’
                        un-                   aware                         unaware                      ‘not aware’
                        un-                   free                             unfree                          ‘not free’
                        un-                   happy                         unhappy                      ‘not happy’
                        un-                   important                   unimportant                 ‘not important’
                        un-                   lucky                          unlucky                        ‘not lucky’
                       
       The prefix un- can also be added to the adjectives of the derived words that have been formed by morphological rules (Fromkin,1990 : 130). The examples are as follows.
                        Prefix              Base                            Derived word             Meaning
                                                (Adjective)                  (Adjective)
                        un-                   acceptable                   unacceptable               ‘not acceptable’
                        un-                   believable                    unbelievable                ‘not believable’
                        un-                   predictable                  unpredictable              ‘not believable’
                        un-                   readable                     unreadable                  ‘not readable’
                        un-                   sinkable                      unsinkable                   ‘not sinkable’
                        un-                   touchable                    untouchable                 ‘not touchable’
       Based on the examples above the rule of the prefix un- attached to adjectives can be stated as: {un-} + Adjective --> new Adjective. This rule says that the prefix un- attached to an adjective creates a new adjective. The new adjective is indicated by the change of meaning. In this case the prefix un- means ‘not’.
       The second prefix un- joins with verbs to form new verbs. In this case the prefix un- means ‘to do the opposite of ’ (Hornby, 1986: 935). The following are the examples of the prefix un- which combines with verbs:
Prefix         Base           Derived word              Meaning
                                          (Verb)             (Verb)
                        un-             bind                 unbind                 ‘to do the opposite of binding’
                        un-             cover               uncover               ‘to do the opposite of covering’
                        un-             do                    undo                    ‘to do the opposite  of doing’
                        un-             dress               undress                 ‘to do the opposite  of dressing’
                        un-             load                 unload                  ‘to do the opposite  of loading’
                        un-             lock                  unlock                  ‘to do the opposite of locking’
       From the examples above, the rule of prefix un- attached to verbs can be stated as: {un-} + Verb --> a new Verb. This rule says that  the prefix un- attached to a verb creates a new verb. The new verb is indicated by the change of meaning namely ‘to do the opposite of’.
2.      Prefix in-
       The prefix in- is the derivational bound morpheme mostly attached to adjectives. This prefix does not change the part of speech either. The meaning of this prefix is ‘not’. Look at the examples below:
Prefix              Base                            Derived word             Meaning
                                                (Adjective)                  (Adjective)
                        in-                    accurate                      inaccurate                   ‘not accurate’
                        in-                    tolerant                        intolerant                     ‘not tolerant’
                        in-                    efficient                        inefficient                     ‘not efficient’
                        in-                    expensive                     inexpensive                  ‘not expensive’
                        in-                    fertile                           infertile                        ‘not fertile’
                        in-                    formal                         informal                       ‘not formal’
                        in-                    legal                            illegal                          ‘not legal’
                        in-                    moral                           immoral                      ‘not moral’
                        in-                    perfect                         imperfect                     ‘not legal’
                        in-                    polite                           impolite                       ‘not polite’
                        in-                    complete                      incomplete                   ‘not complete’
                        in-                    consistent                     inconsistent                  ‘not consistent’
                        in-                    regular                        irregular                      ‘not regular’
                        in-                    responsible                  irresponsible                ‘not responsible’
                        in-                    relevant                       irrelevant                     ‘not relevant’
         From the examples above, the rule of prefix in- attached to adjectives can be stated as: {in-} + Adjective --> a new Adjective. This rule says that the prefix in- attached to an adjective creates a new adjective. The new adjective is indicated by the change of meaning ‘not’ in the derived word. The prefix in- attached to nouns are very rare. The following are the examples of the prefix in- attached to nouns.
Prefix           Base               Derived word                 Meaning
                                             (Noun)             (Noun)
                        in-                balance           imbalance                    ‘absence of balance’
                        in-                decorum         indecorum                   ‘lack of decorum’
                        in-               decision           indecision                    ‘the state of being unable to                                                                                                       decide’
3.      Prefix re-
       The prefix re- is the derivational bound morpheme attached to verbs to form new verbs. The meaning of the prefix re- is ‘again’. Look at the examples below:
Prefix              Base                    Derived word             Meaning
                                                (Verb)                    (Verb)
                        re-                    adjust                  readjust                       ‘adjust again’
                        re-                    arrange               rearrange                    ‘arrange again’
                        re-                    consider              reconsider                   ‘consider again’
                        re-                    construct             reconstruct                  ‘construct again’
                        re-                    count                   recount                        ‘count again’  
                        re-                    decorate              redecorate                   ‘decorate again’
                        re-                    pay                      repay                           ‘pay again’     
                        re-                    print                     reprint                         ‘print again’
                        re-                    select                   reselect                        ‘select again’
                        re-                    write                    rewrite                         ‘write again’
       Based on the examples above, the rule of prefix re- attached to verbs can be stated as: {re-} + Verb --> new Verb. This rule says that the prefix re- attached to a verb creates a new verb. The new verb as the derived word is indicated by the change of meaning ‘again’.
4.      Prefix dis-
       The prefix dis- is a derivational morpheme which can be attached to verbs to form new verbs. This prefix has several meanings but its basic meaning is ‘not’.
Prefix              Base                   Derived word             Meaning
                                                (Verb)                 (Verb)
                        dis-                  agree                  disagree                     ‘not agree’
                        dis-                  allow                  disallow                      ‘refuse to allow’
                        dis-                  appear               disappear                    ‘be seen no more’
                        dis-                  believe                disbelieve                    ‘refuse to believe’
                        dis-                  like                      dislike                         ‘not like’
                        dis-                  close                    disclose                      ‘allow to be seen’
                        dis-                  connect               disconnect                   ‘take apart’
                        dis-                  continue               discontinue                  ‘give up’
                        dis-                  obey                     disobey                        ‘not obey’
       Based on the examples above, the rule of the prefix dis- attached to verbs can be stated as:  {dis-}+ Verb --> new Verb. The new verb is indicated by the change of meaning. In this case, the prefix dis- brings the basic meaning ‘not’ to the verb.
       The prefix dis- can be attached to nouns to form new nouns. The following are the examples.
Prefix              Base                   Derived word           Meaning
                                                (Noun)                (Noun)
                        dis-                  advantage          disadvantage            ‘unfavorable condition’
                        dis-                  comfort              discomfort                 ‘absence of comfort’
                        dis-                  harmony            disharmony               ‘lack of harmony’
                        dis-                  honor                dishonor                     ‘absence of honor’
       Based on the examples above, the rule of the prefix dis- attached to nouns can be stated as:  {dis-}+ Noun --> new Noun. The new noun is indicated by the change of meaning. In this case, the prefix dis- brings the basic meaning ‘not’ to the noun.
       The prefix dis- can also be attached to adjectives to form new adjectives. The examples are as follows:
Prefix              Base                      Derived word            Meaning
                                                (Adjective)            (Adjective)
                        dis-                  able                       disable                        ‘make unable to do
                                                                                                                   something’
                        dis-                  honest                   dishonest                     ‘not honest’
                        dis-                  similar                  dissimilar                     ‘not similar’
       Based on the examples above, the rule of the prefix dis- attached to adjectives can be stated as:  {dis-}+ Adjective --> new Adjective. The new adjective is indicated by the change of meaning. In this case, the prefix dis- brings the basic meaning ‘not’ to the adjectives. The prefix dis- attached to verbs is more productive than that attached to nouns and adjectives.
5.      Prefix mis-
       The prefix mis- is the derivational bound morpheme attached to verbs to form new verbs. The new meaning created by this prefix is ‘wrong’. The following is the list of verbs to which the prefix mis- can be attached.


Prefix              Base                Derived word             Meaning
                                                (Verb)              (Verb)
                        mis-                 direct               misdirect                      ‘direct wrongly’
                       mis-                 judge                misjudge                      ‘judge wrongly’
                        mis-                 match               mismatch                     ‘match wrongly’
                        mis-                quote                 misquote                      ‘quote wrongly’
                        mis-               remember           misremember              ‘remember wrongly’
                        mis-               understand         misunderstand             ‘understand wrongly’
       Based on the examples above, the rule of the prefix mis- attached to verbs can be stated as:  {mis-}+ VERB --> new VERB. The new verb is indicated by the change of meaning. In this case, the prefix mis- brings the basic meaning ‘wrong’ to the verb.
6.      Prefix pre-
       The prefix re- is the derivational bound morpheme attached to verbs to form new verbs. The new meaning created by this prefix is ‘before’. The following is the list of verbs to which the prefix pre- can be attached.
Prefix              Base                Derived word             Meaning
                                                (Verb)              (Verb)
                        pre-                  arrange          prearrange                  ‘arrange before’
                        pre-                  cook               precook                       ‘cook before’
                        pre-                 determine       predetermine               ‘determine before’
                        pre-                 select              preselect                      ‘select before’
                        pre-                wash               prewash                       ‘wash before’               
       Based on the examples above, the rule of the prefix pre- attached to verbs can be stated as:  {pre-}+ VERB --> new VERB. The new verb is indicated by the change of meaning. In this case, the prefix pre- brings the meaning ‘before’ to the verb.
7.      Prefix a-
       The prefix a- is a derivational morpheme which can be attached to adjectives to form new adjectives. This prefix has several meanings but its basic meaning is ‘not’.
Prefix           Base                    Derived word         Meaning
                      (Adjective)          (Adjective)
a-                  moral                   amoral                   ‘not concerned with morals’
a-                  political               apolitical               ‘uninvolved with politics’
a-                 typical                  atypical                  ‘not typical’
a-                 sexual                  asexual                   ‘without sex’
b.      Derivational Suffixes
1.      Noun-Forming Suffix
       Noun-forming suffixes are the derivational suffixes which change the words or morphemes to nouns. The following is the explanation of derivational suffixes which form nouns.
a.       Suffix –er
      The suffix –er attached to a verb in derivational morpheme which changed verbs to a noun. The suffix creates a new meaning ‘a person who performs an action’. The following are the examples of the suffix –er attached to verbs.
Base                Suffix              Derived word            
                              (Verb)                                        (Noun)
                               box                  -er                    boxer                          
                               drive                -er                    driver                          
                               kill                   -er                    killer                             
                               paint                -er                    painter                        
                               sing                  -er                    singer                         
                               speak               -er                    speaker                       
                               teach                -er                    teacher                                  
                               train                 -er                    trainer                        
                               write                -er                    writer                  
b.      Suffix –ment
      The suffix –ment is the derivational morphemes which can be attached to some verbs to form nouns. This suffix brings the new meaning ‘abstract noun’. The following are the examples of the suffix –ment attached to verbs.
Base                Suffix              Derived word            
                              (Verb)                                       (Noun)
                               agree               -ment               agreement                  
                               develop            -ment               development
                               argue               -ment               argument
                               commit            -ment               commitment
                   govern             -ment               government
                               move                -ment               movement
c.       Suffix –ness
      The suffix –ness is the derivational morphemes which can be attached to adjectives to form nouns expressing a state or a condition. The following are the examples of the suffix –ness attached to adjectives.
Base                Suffix              Derived word            
                              (Adjective)                               (Noun)
                               bright               -ness                brightness                   
                               bitter                -ness                  bitterness                    
                               happy              -ness                  happiness       
                               hard                 -ness                 hardness                     
                               lonely               -ness                 loneliness                    
                               sad                   -ness                 sadness
d.      Suffix –ion        
      The suffix –ion is the derivational morpheme which can be attached to verbs to form nouns. The following are the examples of the suffix –ion attached to verbs.
Base                Suffix              Derived word            
                              (Verb)                                       (Noun)
                               educate            -ion                  education
                               discuss             -ion                  discussion
                               act                   -ion                  action
2.      Adjective-Forming Suffixes
       Adjective-forming suffixes are the derivational suffixes which change the words or morphemes to adjectives. The following is the explanation of derivational suffixes which form adjectives.
a.       Suffixe –able
      The suffix –able is the derivational morpheme which changes the bases to adjective. In this case, the bases can be either verbs or nouns. The following are the examples:
Base                    Suffix                   Derived Word                       
                              (Verb)                                                (Adjective)
                               eat                      -able                      eatable
                               predict                -able                      predictable
                   read                     -able                      readable
                   sink                      -able                      unsinkable
                               understand          -able                     understandable
                               wash                   -able                      washable
                               write                    -able                     writable
                              Base                     Suffix                  Derived Word                       
                              (Noun)                                                (Adjective)
                               comfort                -able                     comfortable                            
                               market                 -able                     marketable                             
                               profit                   -able                     profitable 
b.      Suffix –ful
      The suffix –ful is the derivational morpheme which changes the bases to adjective. In this case, the bases are nouns. The following are the examples:
Base                     Suffix               Derived Word
                              (Noun)                                           (Adjective)
                               beauty                  -ful                     beautiful
                               care                     -ful                      careful
                               use                       -ful                     useful
                               wonder                -ful                     wonderful
                               pain                     -ful                      painful
c.       Suffix –less
      Like suffix –ful, the suffix –less is the derivational morpheme which changes the bases to adjective. In this case, the bases are nouns. The following are the examples:
Base                   Suffix                 Derived Word
                             (Noun)                                            (Adjective)
                   home                   -less                    homeless
                   use                      -less                     useless
                   care                     -less                    careless
3.      Verb-Forming Suffixes
       Verb-forming suffixes are the derivational suffixes which change the words or morphemes to verbs. The following is the explanation of derivational suffixes which form verbs.
a.       Suffix –en
Base                   Suffix              Derived Word
(Adjective)                                  (Verb)
wide                    -en                    widen
ripe                      -en                    ripen
sharp                   -en                    sharpen
short                    -en                    shorten
b.      Suffix –ify
      The suffix –ify is the derivational morphemes which change the base to verb. The base can be adjective and noun. The examples are as follows:
Base                            Suffix                          Derived Word
                              (Adjective)                                                      (Verb)
                   clear                             -ify                              clarify
                   pure                             -ify                               purify
                   specific                        -ify                              specify
                 
                  Base                            Suffix                          Derived Word
                              (Noun)                                                            (Verb)
                   identity                        -ify                              identify
                   beauty                         -ify                              beautify

c.       Suffix –ize
      The suffix –ize is the derivational morphemes which change the base to verb.  The base can be nouns and adjective. The examples are as follows:
Base                            Suffix                          Derived Word
                             (Noun)                                                             (Verb)
                   apology                       -ize                              apologize
                   memory                       -ize                              memorize
                   victim                          -ize                              victimize

                  Base                            Suffix                          Derived Word
                              (Adjective)                                                      (Verb)
                   local                             -ize                              localize
                   real                              -ize                              realize
                   mobile                         -ize                              mobilize  
                   vocal                            -ize                              vocalize
4.      Adverb-Forming Suffixes
       Adverb-forming suffixes are the derivational suffixes which change the words or morphemes to adverbs. The following are the examples of derivational suffixes which form adverbs.
Base                            Suffix                          Derived Word
(Adjective)                                                      (Adverb)
              clear                            -ly                                clearly
              beautiful                      -ly                                beautifully
              careful                         -ly                                carefully
              angry                           -ly                                angrily
              loud                             -ly                                loudly
              slow                             -ly                                slowly
              happy                          -ly                                happily
2.3       Inflectional Morphemes
                   Inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes which have a strictly grammatical function. These are not used to produce new words in language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of words, such as gender, tenses, numbers, persons, comparative, or possessive forms. The concept of “a word” independent of the different inflections is called a lexeme, and the form of a word that is considered to have no or minimal inflection is called a lemma. An organized list of the inflected forms of a given lexeme is called an inflectional paradigm.
                   In English, the number of inflectional morphemes is small but they combine with many bases. For example, if the nouns bag, tin, church are added by the “plural” morphemes, they remain nouns bags, tins, churches. If those words are added the “past tense” morpheme to verbs walk, drown, rinse, they are still verbs walked, drowned, rinsed.
2.4        Types of Inflectional Morphemes
       English has only eight inflectional affixes: 
a.         Noun plural {-s}--> “He has three desserts.”
       Nouns take two inflectional morphemes, plural and possessive.
Plural
-s
book + -s
books
-es
glass + -es
glasses
Some plurals take a different morpheme:
-          datum --> data
-          medium --> media
-          ox --> oxen
-          mouse --> mice
b.         Noun possessive {-s}--> “This is Betty’s dessert.”
Possessive
-s
Barbara + -s
Barbara’s
       When a singular possessive noun ends in –s or –z, it still takes the ‘s. The pronunciation of the ‘s just changes from the [s] sound to the [z] sound:
-          bass --> bass’s
-          maze --> maze’s
       The possessive of a plural noun ending in –s is pronounced just like the plural form. It’s spelled with a simple apostrophe and no additional –s:
-          five days’ work
-          the taxpayers’ burden
c.         Verb present tense {-s}--> “Bill usually eats dessert.”
       In present tense, verb will added by –s/-es when subject is third-person singular noun or pronoun. For example: She usually sits here;
The house stays cool at night.
d.        Verb past tense {-ed}--> “He baked the dessert yesterday.”
       In past tense, verb will added by –ed when verb is regular verb. Irregular verbs can inflect by changing their vowel (ride --> rode) or take no change (cut --> cut).  Some change more than a vowel (go --> went). For example: We rowed down the river; The inside of the canoe got pretty wet.
e.         Verb past participle {-en}--> “He has always eaten dessert.”
       In past participle, verb will added by –en. For example: I have already eaten;
I had wanted a salad. For most regular verbs, the past-participle inflection is –ed, just like the past-tense inflection.
f.          Verb present participle {-ing}--> “He is eating the dessert now.”
       In present participle, verb will added by –ing. For example: I am walking to the store; You are taking a class. The present-participle inflection also often occurs as a noun modifer (e.g. the sleeping baby; a rolling stone).
g.         Adjective comparative {-er}--> “His dessert is larger than mine.”
       In comparative sentence, the word will added by –er such as taller, smarter, thicker, crazier. For example: This table is lower than that; His house is bigger than mine.
h.         Adjective superlative {-est}--> “His dessert is the largest.”
              In superlative sentence, the word will added by –est such as tallest, smartest, thickest, craziest. For example: John is the cleverest student in my school; She is the prettiest.
       Notice that all the example base morphemes only have one or two syllables. Adjectives with more than two syllables care made comparative and superlative by the addition of words (more; most), not inflectional morphemes.
       Some adverbs can take the same comparative and superlative inflections (-er; -est) that adjectives take:
-          drove longer
-          ran faster
-          played harder
       Many adverbs cannot take these inflections, however. Notice the awkwardness of the following phrases:
-          He said slylier.
-          She danced awkwardliest.
       Like some adjective, these same examples can use more and most to create comparatives and superlatives:
-          He said more slyly.
-          She danced most awkwardly.



2.5              Derivational Morphemes VS Inflectional Morphemes
Inflectional operations
Derivational operations
Lexical category
Do not change the lexical category of the word.
Often change the lexical category of the word.
Location
Tend to occur outside derivational affixes.
Tend to occur next to the root.
Type of meaning
Contribute syntactically conditioned information, such as number, gender, or aspect.
Contribute lexical meaning.
Affixes used
Occur with all or most members of a class of stems.
Are restricted to some, but not all members of a class of stems.
Productivity
May be used to coin new words of the same type.
May eventually lose their meaning and usually cannot be used to coin new terms.
Grounding
Create forms that are fully-grounded and able to be integrated into discourse.
Create forms that are not necessarily fully grounded and may require inflectional operations before they can be integrated into discourse.





CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
1.                  A derivational morpheme is the morpheme which produces a new lexeme from a base. Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes which derive (create) new words by either changing the meaning or the part of speech or both.
2.                  Types of derivational morphemes are (1) derivational prefixes: un-, in-, re-, dis-, mis-, pre-, a- ; (2) derivational suffixes: noun-forming suffix (–er, –ment, –ness, –ion), adjective-forming suffixes (–able, –ful, –less), verb-forming suffixes (–en, –ify, –ize), adverb-forming suffixes(-ly).
3.                  Inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes which have a strictly grammatical function. These are not used to produce new words in language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of words, such as gender, tenses, numbers, persons, comparative, or possessive forms.
4.                  Types of inflectional morphemes are noun plural {-s/-es}, noun possessive {-s}, verb present tense {-s}, verb past tense {-ed}, verb past participle {-en}, verb present participle {-ing}, adjective comparative {-er}, adjective superlative {-est}.

REFERENCES
Fromkin, Victoria  A. 1990.  An  Introduction  to  Language.  Sydney: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich  Group (Australia) Pty Limited.
Hornby, AS. 1986.  Oxford Advanced Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
http://my-uad-courses.blogspot.co.id/2010/09/derivational-morphemes-in-english.html (Kamis, 25 Februari 2016, 20.00 WIB)
http://www.scribd.com/doc/27560844/Comparative-Study-between-Derivational-Morphemes-and-Inflectional-Morphemes#scribd (Kamis, 25 Februari 2016, 20.05 WIB)
http://www-01.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ComparisonOfInflectionAnd
            Deriv.htm (Kamis, 25 Februari 2016, 20.10 WIB)
https://faculty.unlv.edu/nagelhout/ENG411Bs12C/mod1concept2.html (Kamis, 25 Februari 2016, 20.00 WIB)



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