Makalah Phonetics

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1              Background

              Language that produced through the articulation of human called substitutions, sentences or utterances, namely a system of regular sound or list of sounds that presents repeatedly or sequentially. Language come from sounds called speech-sounds. Language acts through two forms namely involving language sounds that produced by means of speech of human and stimulate the ideas, situation of social and meaning. Sound has two fields, namely phonetics and phonology.

 

1.2              Problem Formulation

-          What is the phonetics?

-          What is part of the phonetics?

-          What is differentiate of variation of sounds uttered by American and British?

1.3              Objective Problem

-          To know what is phonetics.

-          To know part of the phonetics.

-          To know differentiate of variation of sounds uttered by American and British.

CHAPTER II

CONTENT

2.1       The Phonetics

       Phonetics is the systematic study of speech and the sounds of language. Traditionally phoneticians rely on careful listening and observation in order to describe speech sounds. In doing this, a phonetician refers to a classificatory framework for speech sounds which is based on how they are made and on aspects of the auditory impression they make. The best known such framework is that of the International Phonetic Association. Much of our knowledge of the sounds of the world's languages comes from this kind of description, which is still an important aspect of phonetics today.

       Phonetics is often defined with respect to phonology. Both disciplines are concerned with the sound medium of language, and it is not useful to draw a hard and fast line between them. The centre of gravity of the two fields is, however, different. In general, phonology is concerned with the pattering of sounds in a language (and in language in general), and is thus comparable to areas of linguistics such as syntax and morphology which deal with structural elements of language at other levels. Phonetics is more centred on the way those structural elements are "realised" in the world, through movements of the speech organs which create the acoustic signal. Phonetics therefore has important links not only to linguistics but to natural sciences such as physics and anatomy.

       Phonetics has always had applications. Traditionally it has been important for language teaching, and for speech and language therapy. Nowadays it contributes to speech technology, and increasingly to forensic science (in cases, for instance, where speaker identification is at issue).

2.2       Part of The Phonetics

                   Phonetics has tree parts, namely:

1.      Articulatory Phonetics

Articulatory phonetics is interested in the movement of various parts of the vocal tract during speech. The vocal tract is the passages above the larynx where air passes in the production of speech. In simple terms which bit of the mouth moves when we make a sound.

2.      Acoustic Phonetics

This is the study of the sound waves made by the human vocal organs for communication and how the sounds are transmitted. The sound travels through from the speaker's mouth through the air to the hearer's ear, through the form of vibrations in the air. Phoneticians can use equipment like Oscillographs and Spectographs in order to analyse things like the frequency and duration of the sound waves produced. Acoustic phonetics also looks at how articulatory and auditory phonetics link to the acoustic properties.

3.      Auditory Phonetics

This is how we perceive and hear sounds and how the ear, brain and auditory nerve perceives the sounds. This branch deals with the physiological.

          The sounds of language are commonly described in articulatory and acoustic terms, and fall into two major types: syllabic sounds (vowels and syllabic liquids and nasals) and non-syllabic sounds (consonant and glides). Sounds may be voiced or voiceless and oral or nasal. Consonants are produced at various places of articulation: labial, dental, alveolar, alveopalatal, palatal, velar, uvular, glottal, and pharyngeal. At the places of articulation, the airstream is modified by different manners of articulation and the resulting sound are stops, fricatives, or affricatives. Vowels are produced with less drastic closure and are decsribed with reference to tongue position (high, low, back, and front). At last, language also shows suprasegmental phenoma such as tone, intonation, and stress.

·           Vowels

	Front vowels	Central vowels	Back vowels
High	/ / see / / sit		/ / boot / / book
Mid	/e/ bait* / / bet	/ / sofa**, / / bird	/o/ boat* / / bought***
Low	/ / bat	/ / under**	/ / father,  / / sock(BrE)

·           Consonant 

                          b --> bad       k --> cat      d --> dog        f --> frog      g --> gas

                          h --> help      l --> leap      m --> man     n --> no         p --> pat

                          r --> rat         s --> sat       t --> tap         v --> veil        z --> zoo

                          j --> yellow    w --> wash  ʒ --> leisure   dʒ --> large    tʃ --> child

                          ʃ --> ship       θ --> thing   ð --> the        ŋ --> flying

·           Places of Articulation

1.      Bilabial : Sound made using both lips. English bilabial sounds include [p], [b], and [m].

2.      Labiodental : Sound made using the lower lip and upper teeth. English labio-dental sounds include [f] and [v].

3.      Dental : Sound made using the teeth and tongue. English dental sounds include [ð] and [θ].

4.      Alveolar : Sound made where the tongue touches the alveolar ridge. English alveolar sounds include [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l].

5.      Alveopalatal : The tip or the blade of the tongue articulates with the back area of the alveolar ridge. English alveopalatal include [ ].

6.      Palatal : The active articulator is the tongue body and the passive articulator is the hard palate. The English glide [j] is a palatal.

7.      Velar : Sound made using the back part of the tongue and the soft palate (velum). English velar include [k], [ ] and [ ].

8.      Uvular : The back of the tongue articulates with the very back of the soft palate, including the uvula. English uvular include [R].

9.      Glottal : Sound made using the glottis. English glottal include [ ] and [h].

10.  Pharyngeal : The pharynx is constricted by the faucal pillars moving together (lateral compression) and, possibly, by the larynx being raised. English pharyngeal include [x], [ ], [ ], [h] and [ ]).

·           Manners of Articulation

1.      Stops, are produced by stopping the flow of air and then releasing suddenly ([p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g]).

2.      Affricatives, are produced by stopping the flow of air and releasing slowly ([tʃ] and [j]).

3.      Fricatives, are produced obstructing  the flow of air in such a way that some sort of friction is heard ([f], [v], [θ], [s], [z], [ʃ], [h], [ð], [ʒ ]).

4.      Lateral/Liquid, is produced by two side of the tongue ([l]).

5.      Nasals, are produced by the flow of air through the passage in the nose ([m], [n], [ŋ]).

6.      Glides, are produced by gliding the position of one consonant two a vowel or vice ([w], [r], [y]).

·           Suprasegmental

1.      Tone : Tone refers to significant (i.e. meaningful, constrastive, phonemic) constrasts between words signalled by pitch differences. Tone may be lexical, as in Mandarin Chinese:

Tone number	Description		IPA transcription example	Meaning
1	high level		[má]	`mother'
2	high rising		[m¯á]	`hemp'
3	low (falling+)rising		[màá]	`horse'
4	high fall		[mâ]	`scold'

 

2.      Intonation : Intonation refers to the rise and fall of voice pitch over entire phrases and sentences, even in non-tone languages, such as English:

3.      Stress

    Stress is the rhythm of a language. In pronunciation, stress can refers to words, part of words, or even one word in a group of words that receives the most emphasis.

Stress is one of the suprasegmental features of utterances. It applies not to individual vowels and consonants but to whole syllables. In the level of word, a stressed syllable is pronounced with a greater amount of energy than an unstressed syllable. Example regret [rɪ'gret], blue ['blu:].

2.3       The Differentiate of Variation of Sounds Uttered by American and British

       In English, we know that the English language there are two kinds, namely British English (UK) and American English (US). Therefore, if you are talking to strangers British and America, there are very significant differences between British English to American English. By looking at their dialogue, then we can see the difference when they give words used pronunciation and grammatical variations between them.

       The first difference is the lexicon (vocabulary), in lessons at school are generally more use of British English. For example, in British English: Football, biscuit, shop. Whereas in Britain language United: Soccer, cookies, store.

       The second difference is the difference in spelling (spelling). British English tends to maintain the actual spelling of the French word, while the United States is closer to spell words by the way they pronounce and meaning letters are not necessary. For example, in British English: Colour, labor, center, defense. Whereas in American English: Color, labor, center, defense.

       The third difference is the pronunciation (pronunciation) as an example in American English words can and can not sound very similar, while in British English you can distinguish clearly. Many Americans have a tendency to reduction by eliminating some of the letters said. The word "facts" for instance in American English is pronounced the same as the word "fax" - "t" is not pronounced. While in British English letters are omitted as in the word "secretary", where the letter "a" is not pronounced.

       In American English, the combination of the letters "cl" in words like "cling", "climat", "club" etc, more fricative sounds. You can produce this sound with thrilling vocal cords. Emphasis words sometimes also different. For example, the word "details" to get the emphasis on the letter "e" in British English and the "ai" in American English.

       For example :

1.        Theatre = teater

U.K --> /ˈθɪə.tər/

U.S --> /ˈθiː.ə.t̬ɚ/

2.        Difference = perbedaan

U.K --> /ˈdɪf.^ər.^əns/

U.S --> /ˈdɪf·rəns/

3.        Computer = komputer

U.K --> /kəmˈpjuː.tə^r/

U.S --> /kəmˈpju·t̬ər/

4.        Television = televisi

U.K --> /ˈtel.ɪ.vɪʒ.^ən/

U.S --> /ˈtel·əˌvɪʒ·ən/

5.        Water = air

U.K --> /ˈwɔː.tə^r/  

U.S --> /ˈwɔ·t̬ər, ˈwɑt̬·ər/

6.        Hibernate = hibernasi (tidur musim dingin bagi hewan)

U.K --> /ˈhaɪ.bə.neɪt/

U.S --> /ˈhɑɪ·bərˌneɪt/ 

7.        Dictionary = kamus

U.K --> /ˈdɪk.ʃ^ən.^ər.i/  

U.S --> /ˈdɪk·ʃəˌner·i/

8.        Clothes = pakaian

U.K --> /kləʊðz/

U.S --> /kloʊz, kloʊðz/

9.        Table = meja

U.K --> /ˈteɪ.bl̩/

U.S --> /ˈteɪ·bəl/

10.    Minute = menit

U.K --> /ˈmɪn.ɪt/

U.S --> /ˈmɪn·ət/

CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

3.1              Conclusion

       There are many tools of human articulation and each of them has a different position and function in generating the sounds of language. However, there is an element that is not categorized as a human articulation, but has a very important role in generating the sound. The element is air and is the primary source of energy to produce sound. Vowel or consonant sounds is the sounds of language by tools of human articulation. All vowels are voiced sounds, consonants has a voiced sound and voiceless sound. Voiced and voiceless sound is related with condition of the vocal cords. Condition of the vocal cords (glottis) tightly closed when air out through it, then it will apply the vibration of the vocal cords and the resulting sound is the voice sounds. Conversely, if the vocal cords were stretched or open when the air through it, the vibration of the vocal cords do not apply, the resulting sound is voiceless sounds.

3.2              Suggestion

                   Suggestion to the students to be more rigorous in understanding the phonetics and field of study.  Because the phonetic is not only learn about the various sounds, but also to learn about the lack of launch its means students can also learn about the human deficiencies in speaking. The students can distinguish the type and can apply it.

REFERENCES

Abbas, M Fadhly Farhy. 2015. A Coursebook of Phonology. Pekanbaru: University of Lancang Kuning.

Baskaran, Loga Mahesan. 2005. A Linguistic Primer for Malaysian. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press.

http://www.baap.ac.uk/phonetics.html

https://sites.google.com/a/sheffield.ac.uk/all-about-linguistics/branches/phonetics/what-is-phonetics